AI Safety Evidence

Which language models have the strongest safety evidence?

An evidence-weighted ranking of 928 language models across 161 independent evaluations. 348 models currently have enough breadth to rank.

What changed · Find evidence · Components · Methodology · Data

Overall ranking

Rank combines model behavior (90%) and company governance (10%). Models need at least 3 evals across 2 behavior components. The interval is at least as important as the point estimate: it shows source-family sensitivity, not future performance.

How to interpret these ranks

The behavior order is the mean rank across complete-lineage bootstrap refits. Every sub-eval contributes only an ordering; native score scales are never pooled. Intervals separately resample transitive governed-source dependency components. Coverage varies and nearby models are often indistinguishable: the median 90% interval spans 167 ranks.

Rank by release date

348 of 348 ranked models have verified release dates. Each mark identifies the model's developer. Release date is context only and is not used to calculate rank.

What changed

Latest models with safety evidence

  1. Claude Haiku 5.5 Anthropic · 4 evals across 3 components
  2. Mistral Large 4 Mistral AI · 5 evals across 5 components
  3. Ling 3.1 Flash InclusionAI · 1 evals across 1 components
  4. Gemini 4 Argon Google · 1 evals across 1 components
  5. GPT-6.1 Sol OpenAI · 6 evals across 5 components
  6. Claude Sonnet 5.5 Anthropic · 5 evals across 4 components
  7. Space Bunny Alpha Stealth · 3 evals across 6 components
  8. Solar Mini 4 Upstage · 4 evals across 6 components

Full ranking table

Rows are ordered by estimated rank, but broad overlapping intervals should not be read as evidence of a real difference.

348 models
Overall rank; brackets show the 90% source-sensitivity interval.
Estimated rank
[90% interval]		ModelEvalsComponentsRelease date
1 [1–7]gpt-6.1-sol65/72026-09-29
2 [1–11]gpt-6-astra187/72026-09-03
3 [3–23]claude-opus-5277/72026-07-24
4 [3–21]gpt-6-sol11+37/72026-09-22
5 [1–54]claude-opus-5.5127/72026-09-22
6 [7–36]claude-fable-5277/72026-06-09
7 [9–48]claude-opus-4.8337/72026-05-28
8 [4–127]claude-fable-5.1207/72026-09-01
9 [3–66]gpt-6-luna9+37/72026-09-22
10 [5–20]muse-spark-1.35+15/72026-09-02
11 [7–70]muse-spark-1.1177/72026-07-09
12 [15–73]gpt-5.6-terra267/72026-07-09
13 [6–90]gpt-5.3-chat65/72026-03-03
14 [4–82]claude-sonnet-5.554/72026-09-28
15 [7–86]gpt-5.5-instant53/72026-05-26
16 [4–144]claude-mythos-preview33/72026-04-07
17 [17–64]muse-spark-1.285/72026-08-05
18 [17–76]claude-opus-4.7387/72026-04-16
19 [18–79]claude-opus-4.6377/72026-02-05
20 [24–75]gpt-5.5457/72026-04-23
21 [25–78]gpt-5.4387/72026-03-05
22 [12–136]inkling-small2+35/72026-07-30
23 [15–86]gemini-3.8-flash18+17/72026-09-02
24 [18–76]grok-4.79+17/72026-09-21
25 [25–128]gpt-5.6-sol357/72026-07-09
26 [14–104]gemini-3.7-flash196/72026-08-13
27 [8–158]granite-4.2-8b1+25/72026-08-25
28 [24–80]deepseek-v4.1-flash4+23/72026-09-10
29 [10–162]mimo-v2-omni33/72026-03-18
30 [16–182]claude-mythos-537/72026-06-09
31 [29–88]glm-5.315+16/72026-08-18
32 [7–121]gpt-5.2-chat54/72025-12-11
33 [16–119]glm-5.3-flash6+16/72026-08-26
34 [18–105]claude-sonnet-4.6397/72026-01-21
35 [29–91]gpt-5.2357/72025-12-11
36 [22–152]gpt-5.6-luna25+37/72026-07-09
37 [14–138]gemini-3.6-flash116/72026-07-21
38 [33–121]kimi-k3267/72026-07-16
39 [3–273]gpt-5.5-pro33/72026-04-23
40 [35–100]claude-haiku-4.5477/72025-10-15
41 [34–122]mistral-large-43+25/72026-10-06
42 [19–175]gpt-5-nano25+27/72025-08-07
43 [4–163]claude-295/72023-07-11
44 [16–128]claude-opus-4267/72025-05-22
45 [4–274]gpt-5-pro54/72025-08-07
46 [9–203]phi-3.5-moe-instruct56/72024-08-22
47 [38–122]gpt-5-mini32+17/72025-08-07
48 [3–202]gemini-2.5-pro-exp43/72025-03-25
49 [19–130]claude-opus-4.5297/72025-11-24
50 [22–276]qwen3.5-27b76/72026-02-24
51 [18–159]gpt-5457/72025-08-07
52 [4–197]o1-preview46/72024-09-12
53 [51–114]qwen3.5-397b-a17b12+17/72026-02-16
54 [12–160]grok-4.20-multi-agent44/72026-03-10
55 [22–125]claude-3.7-sonnet287/72025-02-24
56 [40–137]claude-sonnet-4.5447/72025-09-29
57 [38–141]gpt-5.1347/72025-11-13
58 [15–191]gpt-5.1-codex32/72025-11-13
59 [8–313]granite-4.0-h-small34/72025-10-02
60 [1–286]gpt-5.4-pro43/72026-03-05
61 [49–139]claude-sonnet-4407/72025-05-22
62 [21–216]claude-sonnet-5227/72026-06-30
63 [23–175]solar-mini41+36/72026-09-23
64 [12–243]llama-3.1-tulu-3-8b35/72024-11-20
65 [29–189]mimo-v2.6-pro4+37/72026-09-21
66 [57–148]claude-opus-4.1216/72025-08-05
67 [62–140]grok-4.5217/72026-07-08
68 [8–210]mimo-v2-pro55/72026-03-18
69 [52–181]gemini-3.1-pro76/72026-02-19
70 [49–151]gemini-3.1-pro-preview347/72026-02-19
71 [20–219]mimo-v2.5-pro8+16/72026-04-27
72 [33–212]qwen3.5-9b4+17/72026-02-27
73 [67–184]minimax-m39+26/72026-06-02
74 [17–250]inkling8+26/72026-07-14
75 [51–159]gpt-oss-20b19+17/72025-08-05
76 [32–229]gpt-5.4-mini236/72026-03-17
77 [13–249]nemotron-3.5-lightning2+15/72026-08-11
78 [14–204]claude-3.5-haiku157/72024-10-22
79 [63–150]kimi-k2.622+27/72026-04-14
80 [39–336]palmyra-x-00463/72024-10-09
81 [57–218]gemini-3.5-flash307/72026-05-19
82 [30–264]glm-4.5-air13+15/72025-07-28
83 [62–181]qwen3.5-plus76/72026-02-15
84 [13–293]nova-lite76/72024-12-03
85 [37–195]gemma-4-26b-a4b-it7+15/72026-03-11
86 [6–292]chatgpt-4o44/72025-03-27
87 [28–230]qwen3.7-max147/72026-05-20
88 [42–180]gpt-4.1377/72025-04-14
89 [35–200]gemini-1.5-pro227/72024-02-15
90 [113–281]palmyra-fin63/72024-07-31
91 [32–228]gemini-1.0-pro86/72023-12-06
92 [70–181]qwen3-max96/72025-09-24
93 [30–322]muse-spark53/72026-04-08
94 [29–198]o1196/72024-12-17
95 [47–332]qwen3-235b-a22b-fp8-throughput63/72025-04-28
96 [37–292]mistral-large66/72024-02-26
97 [29–281]qwen3.7-flash2+12/72026-07-27
98 [67–233]glm-515+17/72026-02-11
99 [75–201]gemma-4-31b-it15+27/72026-03-11
100 [32–300]internlm2-chat-7b44/72024-01-17
101 [26–255]qwen3-4b45/72025-04-27
102 [43–341]ministral-3-3b2+13/72025-10-31
103 [30–202]gpt-4.5-preview116/72025-02-27
104 [29–193]qwen2-72b-instruct105/72024-06-07
105 [52–224]laguna-s-2.1-poolside2+36/72026-07-21
106 [49–264]deepseek-v3.114+17/72025-08-21
107 [25–243]palmyra-x563/72025-04-28
108 [22–206]o3306/72025-04-16
109 [76–236]minimax-m2.715+17/72026-04-09
110 [84–203]kimi-k232+17/72025-07-11
111 [50–249]qwen-72b-chat44/72023-11-30
112 [78–245]deepseek-v4-flash19+17/72026-04-22
113 [41–276]seed-2.0-mini2+15/72026-02-14
114 [84–187]gpt-oss-120b32+37/72025-08-05
115 [63–249]mimo-v2.56+25/72026-04-27
116 [35–245]o1-mini117/72024-09-12
117 [52–211]gemini-1.5-flash177/72024-05-14
118 [18–276]hy34+25/72026-07-02
119 [75–293]gpt-5.3-codex55/72026-02-05
120 [77–246]glm-5.225+17/72026-06-16
121 [39–222]gpt-oss-safeguard-20b3+15/72025-10-29
122 [26–280]deepseek-v3.2-exp75/72025-09-29
123 [63–246]gpt-5.2-codex33/72025-12-18
124 [37–248]internlm-chat-20b44/72023-09-18
125 [83–198]gemini-2.5-pro477/72025-03-25
126 [82–201]gemini-3-pro-preview277/72025-11-18
127 [24–269]qwen3.6-27b45/72026-04-21
128 [43–236]gemini-3.5-flash-lite8+15/72026-07-21
129 [42–284]internlm2-chat-20b55/72024-01-17
130 [75–292]minimax-m276/72025-10-27
131 [21–280]qwen2.5-72b-instruct18+17/72024-09-16
132 [85–226]grok-4.3247/72026-05-15
133 [58–260]longcat-2.02+15/72026-07-05
134 [47–229]qwen3-235b-a22b30+27/72025-04-29
135 [93–213]deepseek-v3.232+27/72025-12-01
136 [25–228]gpt-4.1-mini21+17/72025-04-14
137 [62–324]olmo-3-7b-instruct33/72025-11-19
138 [1–248]claude-haiku-5.52+23/72026-10-07
139 [36–335]qwen3-30b-a3b65/72025-04-27
140 [26–316]nemotron-3-nano-omni-30b-a3b2+15/72026-04-28
141 [70–256]grok-3-mini177/72025-04-03
142 [29–246]phi-4-reasoning-plus35/72025-04-17
143 [86–238]doubao-seed-1.666/72025-06-11
144 [92–259]grok-4-fast186/72025-09-19
145 [27–259]ernie-4.5-300b-a47b66/72025-06-28
146 [10–320]nova-2.0-lite42/72025-12-02
147 [85–235]claude-3-opus277/72024-03-04
148 [73–278]kimi-k2.7-code44/72026-06-11
149 [23–304]qwen3-32b8+17/72025-04-29
150 [69–199]claude-3.5-sonnet347/72024-06-21
151 [74–268]glm-5.118+27/72026-04-03
152 [15–272]ox-alpha3+25/72026-08-20
153 [85–267]minimax-m2.512+17/72026-02-12
154 [85–303]olmo-3.1-32b-instruct32/72025-12-10
155 [89–206]gpt-4-turbo257/72023-11-06
156 [72–231]deepseek-v333+17/72024-12-26
157 [32–312]phi-3-mini-4k-instruct43/72024-04-22
158 [1–317]gemma-4-e4b34/72026-03-31
159 [37–293]qwen3.8-max96/72026-08-03
160 [99–271]grok-4.20277/72026-03-10
161 [17–289]phi-465/72024-12-11
162 [36–326]mercury-24+15/72026-02-24
163 [83–231]gemini-2.5-flash40+17/72025-04-17
164 [60–281]qwen2.5-32b-instruct55/72024-09-19
165 [102–221]grok-4337/72025-07-09
166 [103–275]qwen3.6-plus117/72026-04-02
167 [11–278]granite-4.0-small-guardian63/72025-10-02
168 [81–252]qwen-14b-chat84/72023-09-25
169 [117–277]qwen3-next-80b-a3b126/72025-09-11
170 [123–208]gpt-4o72+17/72024-05-13
171 [78–304]deepseek-v4-pro247/72026-04-22
172 [74–299]qwen3.6-max-preview53/72026-04-22
173 [38–268]space-bunny-alpha36/72026-09-23
174 [40–339]qwen3-max-preview32/72025-09-05
175 [85–284]qwen3.7-plus85/72026-05-26
176 [107–215]gemini-2.0-pro-preview63/72025-02-05
177 [109–268]kimi-k2.530+27/72026-01-01
178 [51–290]grok-4.6156/72026-08-12
179 [83–254]gpt-4187/72023-03-14
180 [82–333]mistral-medium45/72023-12-11
181 [14–305]qwen3.8-27b2+23/72026-08-14
182 [90–282]grok-3197/72025-04-03
183 [108–243]qwen1.5-32b-chat46/72024-04-02
184 [52–275]nemotron-3-ultra-550b-a55b9+17/72026-06-03
185 [45–332]glm-4.7-flash5+13/72026-01-19
186 [106–278]nemotron-3-super-120b-a12b10+16/72026-03-10
187 [124–295]qwen3-235b-a22b-instruct34/72025-07-21
188 [93–243]claude-3-haiku197/72024-03-13
189 [123–241]o3-mini266/72025-01-31
190 [32–281]nova-premier45/72025-04-30
191 [104–240]baichuan-2-13b-chat135/72023-09-06
192 [93–310]qwen3.5-flash5+15/72026-02-24
193 [21–294]nova-micro65/72024-12-03
194 [39–320]nemotron-3-nano-30b-a3b7+14/72025-12-15
195 [83–245]gpt-3.5-turbo287/72023-03-01
196 [103–261]qwen1.5-14b-chat65/72024-02-04
197 [82–297]command-r-plus127/72024-04-04
198 [124–268]llama-3.3-70b-instruct30+27/72024-12-06
199 [46–312]deepseek-v4-flash-07314+13/72026-07-31
200 [79–263]text-davinci-00334/72022-11-28
201 [114–251]qwen1.5-72b-chat136/72024-02-04
202 [140–248]o4-mini346/72025-04-16
203 [141–267]deepseek-r1487/72025-01-20
204 [120–243]gemini-3.1-flash-lite25+27/72026-03-03
205 [150–268]llama-4-maverick35+17/72025-04-05
206 [123–260]gemini-2.0-flash207/72024-12-11
207 [115–290]glm-4-9b-chat84/72024-06-05
208 [95–277]qwen3-30b-a3b-instruct76/72025-07-28
209 [107–255]yi-34b-chat95/72023-11-23
210 [101–270]granite-4.0-small63/72025-10-02
211 [63–291]solar-pro-42+25/72026-08-11
212 [125–313]llama-3.2-instruct-11b-vision34/72024-09-25
213 [43–316]hy3-preview55/72026-04-13
214 [25–291]gpt-5.4-nano166/72026-03-17
215 [75–271]gemma-2b-it56/72024-02-21
216 [131–272]llama-3.1-405b-instruct236/72024-07-23
217 [58–291]internlm-chat-7b54/72023-07-06
218 [121–345]mistral-small-3.152/72025-03-11
219 [119–291]gpt-4.1-nano156/72025-04-14
220 [45–326]deepseek-llm-7b-chat33/72023-11-29
221 [118–276]llama-2-13b-chat106/72023-07-18
222 [142–259]qwen1.5-7b-chat96/72024-02-04
223 [125–272]gemini-3-flash-preview28+17/72025-12-17
224 [93–276]gemma-7b-it77/72024-02-21
225 [93–305]step-3.5-flash5+16/72026-02-01
226 [15–284]granite-4.0-micro-guardian63/72025-10-02
227 [114–317]grok-4.1-fast257/72025-11-19
228 [140–270]llama-2-7b-chat167/72023-07-18
229 [86–283]claude-2.154/72023-11-21
230 [27–325]qwen3-coder-480b-a35b-instruct42/72025-07-22
231 [43–306]gemini-2.0-flash-lite55/72025-02-25
232 [47–323]mistral-medium-3.575/72026-03-31
233 [113–270]gemma-2-9b-it97/72024-06-27
234 [129–267]yi-6b-chat55/72023-11-23
235 [37–320]llama-3.2-90b-vision-instruct44/72024-09-19
236 [138–299]glm-4.5117/72025-07-28
237 [134–317]glm-4.796/72026-06-03
238 [128–295]mistral-small-476/72026-01-23
239 [130–267]claude-3-sonnet157/72024-03-04
240 [135–293]mimo-v2-flash76/72025-12-16
241 [67–306]step-3.7-flash1+22/72026-05-23
242 [124–304]glm-4.696/72025-09-30
243 [131–271]llama-3-70b-instruct137/72024-04-18
244 [152–263]llama-3-8b-instruct167/72024-04-18
245 [116–285]gemini-2.5-flash-lite237/72025-06-17
246 [144–325]magistral-medium86/72025-06-10
247 [49–308]qwen3.5-4b35/72026-02-27
248 [68–336]command-r84/72024-03-11
249 [143–312]gemini-2.0-flash-lite-preview75/72025-02-05
250 [52–313]mimo-v2.6-flash4+27/72026-09-21
251 [111–306]deepseek-v3.1-terminus44/72025-09-22
252 [79–313]gemma-3-12b96/72025-03-10
253 [109–320]qwen3.5-122b-a10b55/72026-02-24
254 [174–284]gemma-2-27b-it67/72024-06-27
255 [108–305]yi-1.5-9b-chat33/72024-05-13
256 [55–314]glm-5-turbo76/72026-03-15
257 [58–302]olmo-2-32b-instruct86/72025-03-13
258 [168–282]llama-3.1-70b-instruct237/72024-07-23
259 [124–295]chatglm-6b54/72023-03-14
260 [72–306]qwen2.5-7b-instruct19+17/72024-09-19
261 [109–306]phi-3.5-mini-instruct56/72024-08-22
262 [156–284]qwen-7b-chat94/72023-08-03
263 [74–319]ernie-5.134/72026-05-09
264 [183–283]baichuan-2-7b-chat115/72023-09-06
265 [139–325]qwen3.5-35b-a3b54/72026-02-24
266 [125–304]mercury-2.51+23/72026-09-08
267 [113–337]phi-233/72023-12-12
268 [191–284]gpt-4o-mini317/72024-07-18
269 [27–336]nvidia-nemotron-nano-9b-v232/72025-08-12
270 [117–304]llama-2-70b-chat96/72023-07-18
271 [98–328]o3-pro43/72025-06-10
272 [55–309]yi-1.5-34b-chat44/72024-05-13
273 [150–288]qwen2.5-14b-instruct65/72024-09-19
274 [112–308]gemma-3-27b-it136/72025-03-10
275 [201–295]chatglm3-6b104/72023-10-27
276 [106–316]nova-pro86/72024-12-03
277 [197–293]vicuna-7b-v1.544/72023-06-22
278 [76–328]mistral-medium-3.197/72025-08-12
279 [108–316]minimax-m2.163/72025-12-20
280 [47–334]mistral-small-396/72025-01-30
281 [111–306]trinity-large74/72026-01-27
282 [206–289]llama-4-scout217/72025-04-05
283 [215–310]mistral-7b-instruct247/72023-09-27
284 [117–326]mistral-small-3.245/72025-06-19
285 [173–339]qwen3-vl-32b-instruct33/72025-10-19
286 [102–323]gemma-2-2b-it45/72024-07-31
287 [219–315]palmyra-med63/72024-07-31
288 [206–306]vicuna-13b-v1.544/72023-03-30
289 [172–330]qwen2-7b-instruct54/72024-06-07
290 [105–334]olmo-3.1-32b-think32/72025-12-10
291 [188–326]vicuna-13b43/72023-03-30
292 [139–345]mistral-nemo55/72024-07-18
293 [70–330]granite-3.3-8b-instruct94/72025-04-10
294 [189–332]qwen2.5-max46/72025-01-25
295 [133–341]qwen2.5-1.5b-instruct53/72024-09-19
296 [83–345]qwen2.5-3b-instruct33/72024-09-17
297 [165–322]muse-glimmer2+14/72026-08-10
298 [204–327]gemma-3-4b66/72025-03-10
299 [214–328]chatglm2-6b63/72023-06-25
300 [83–331]qwen1.5-0.5b-chat34/72024-02-04
301 [31–335]olmo-2-13b-instruct65/72024-11-26
302 [145–341]ling-2.6-flash3+15/72026-04-21
303 [218–316]qwen3-14b66/72025-04-27
304 [229–315]llama-3.1-8b-instruct327/72024-07-23
305 [164–332]zephyr-7b-beta54/72023-10-26
306 [135–344]seallms-v3-7b-chat34/72024-07-03
307 [46–341]mixtral-8x22b-instruct95/72024-04-17
308 [180–346]mistral-medium-365/72025-05-07
309 [238–318]qwen3-8b106/72025-04-29
310 [173–341]mistral-7b44/72023-09-27
311 [246–320]command-a85/72025-03-11
312 [239–331]moss-moon-003-sft33/72023-04-19
313 [175–334]phi-4-mini44/72025-02-26
314 [245–322]qwen2.5-7b33/72024-09-19
315 [119–345]qwen3-next-80b-a3b-instruct42/72025-09-09
316 [238–337]llama-3.2-1b-instruct96/72024-09-25
317 [252–333]vicuna-33b-v1.344/72023-06-22
318 [247–333]vicuna-7b53/72023-06-22
319 [147–341]qwen3-vl-235b-a22b-instruct44/72025-09-22
320 [240–334]davinci34/72020-06-11
321 [153–335]granite-4.0-micro96/72025-10-02
322 [189–342]deepseek-v3.2-speciale33/72025-11-28
323 [183–336]mistral-large-3166/72025-12-01
324 [214–341]grok-build-0.134/72026-05-20
325 [159–348]deepseek-llm-67b-chat85/72023-11-29
326 [224–344]qwen3-vl-8b-instruct44/72025-10-11
327 [208–337]marin-8b-instruct53/72025-05-14
328 [216–341]qwen3-4b-instruct32/72025-04-29
329 [238–344]qwq-32b45/72025-03-06
330 [252–343]mixtral-8x7b-instruct136/72023-12-10
331 [285–334]jamba-1.7-large44/72025-07-03
332 [227–341]olmo-2-7b-instruct65/72024-11-26
333 [283–339]mistral-large-2145/72024-07-24
334 [301–337]jamba-1.7-mini34/72025-07-03
335 [266–342]qwen-1.8b-chat33/72023-11-30
336 [300–342]command-r7b34/72024-12-13
337 [309–341]dbrx-instruct75/72024-03-27
338 [263–343]olmoe-1b-7b-instruct65/72025-01-27
339 [275–348]llama-3.2-3b34/72024-09-25
340 [231–348]grok-243/72024-12-12
341 [295–345]deepseek-r1-distill-llama-70b43/72025-01-20
342 [294–345]qwen1.5-1.8b-chat45/72024-02-04
343 [273–346]llama-3.2-3b-instruct85/72024-09-25
344 [297–347]magistral-small55/72025-06-04
345 [318–348]qwen2.5-0.5b-instruct43/72024-09-19
346 [294–348]llama-3.1-8b-base34/72024-07-23
347 [324–347]ministral-3-14b32/72025-10-31
348 [336–348]ministral-3-8b42/72025-10-31